Define Leader and Leadership and explain why managers should be Essay

Define Leader and Leadership and explain why managers should be leaders - Essay Example Leaders are the actual players behind leadership and all the activities and operations that come with it. A leader is a visionary, strategic, goal-oriented, and value-driven individual who sets the pace for his or her followers and goes a step further to guide them through that pace. Naturally, leaders avoid conflicts while executing their mandate, or effectively manage and control disputes or conflicts whenever they arise (Kuckartz, 2010). It is important for managers to be leaders. This is because management and leadership are fundamentally intertwined. The administrative duties and responsibilities of a manager are more effective and efficient when leadership principles are incorporated in management. In this respect, managers ought to practice their authority within transactional and transformational aspects (Armstrong, 2011). In so doing, they manage the organization and lead their followers at the same

The Alternative Tourism Development Tourism Essay

The Alternative Tourism Development Tourism Essay Currently, most tourism trends are considerable of green mode tourism market as seen the declined of mass-tourism line in many countries. The form of healthier tour influenced tourist who has personal interests of tour activities such as sport, recreation, adventure and nature conservation. Worldwide acceptability as Tourism is one of many Industries which is non-polluting Industry and continue rapidly growth. Numerous countries perceive to majority income, therefore Tourism Industry generate job to the destination At the same time, the more tourism growth is the more anxious of negative impact to the host country. Over the past decade or so, tourism form as Mass tourismor Traditional Tourism which emphasize a large group of tourist several countries particular in developing country mass tourism is being extremely promoted. However, It was realized that mass tourism become the main majority social and environmental effected meanwhile, the kind of mass tourism not rather contribute a full measure of ecomomic as its convinced. In United Nations Foundation Report 2002 stated that  ¿Ã‚ ½Resposible tourism is the job of everyone involved governments, local authorities, the tourist industry and tourisms themselves (2001, p.12) To mend an effect from mass tourism, many research has commence as an appropriate alternative tourism model and hilight to responsible to the host country. New form of tourism appear as Eco-toursim, Soft Tourism, Green Tourism,Responsible tourism, Motivated Tourism, Conservative Tourism etc,. entirely mean of Alternative Tourism. Bicycle tourism proposed the possible for alternative which is can be applies to encourage destination sustainable economic development. Although much research has been implement into application of bicycle tourism with in country, just few research in Thailand about their feasibility can be applies in big city as Bangkok Metropolis where contain of tourist attraction. Tourism Authority Of Thailand (Marketing Plan 2009) Currently promoting tourism as a main marketing plan in the same previous slogan of Amazing Thailand additional of Seven Wonders of Amazing Thailand in oversea market. One of theme call Nature The Beauty of Natural Wonders which present green tourism mode to perceive of environmental value and enegy conservation in the forms of Seven Green and bicycle tour is in mode of green logistices hilight on tourism activities using environment friendly transport. According to TAT informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ³Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸-à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸-à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡sprot and recreation à  Ã‚ ¹Ã†â€™Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸-à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬   à  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢It is obvious that Bicycle Tourism in Thailand have encourage just rural ar eas while rarely in big city as Bangkok. In order to drive a significant of bicycle tourism to be use as an alternative and indicate or influence steakholder to better understand. This project would insist upon base on the fact of domestic cyclist and bicycle tourist demand in services providing to use as a guideline . 1.2 Objective The research was undertaken to analyses cyclist perception and motivation, developed demand model of cycling travellers in Bangkok destination. The purpose of study was to indicate the cycle tour market is significant to encourage sustainable tourism development. The key objectives of this research were: 1. To highlight cycling tour advantages when development and applies to local communities. 2. To indicate significant cycling tour for sustainable tourism. 3. To encourage and motivate to tour organization promote cycling tour as an alternative tourism. 4. To assist or guide government to implement cycling for the perfect alternative tour in Bangkok. 5. To indicate the bicycle tourism market is a potential trend to applies in order to assist green mode tourism. 6. To indicate and evaluate if the cycling tourist demand meets the services provide. 2. Literature Review Definition The Alternative Tourism Alternative Tourism has widely define as : à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ «Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ³Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ³Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡ à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2-3 à  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢ As described in Eadington Smith (1992, p. 75), Richard (2002) presents Alternative Tourism as: Alternative tourism define as tourism that is consistent with natural, social and community value, which allows hosts and guests to enjoy worthwhile interactions and shared experiences. Richard S. David T. J. 2002, Tourism Development Concept and Issue, Aspects of Tourism, Cambrian Printers Ltd., Great Britain. Ateljecvic, I. Doorne, S. (2000). Staying Within the Fence: Lifestyle Entrepreneurship in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5),pp378-92. Alternative tourism concept would supervise for environment from stakeholders such tourists, tour agents and local host. On the other hand, these tourism form will also custody of environment, culture heritage and local livelihood in the destination. Awang, Hassan Zahari s study(cited in Ateljevic Doorne 2000) Most important of all, Alternative tourism is the significant form which focus on a tiny group of tourists and countryside visit more than urban. The hilight on Alternative Tourism as the gist of how the tourist choose what they really attend whether travel places, accommodations, tour agents including every travel activities in the tourism line. The Bicycle Tourism defined as: Several issue of bicycle term but rarely denote bicycle as a part of tourism, however Sustrans (1999, p.1) has defined bicycle tourism as: Recreational visits, either overnight or day visit away from home, which involve leisure cycling as a fundamental and significant part of the visit. Wen Li (2003) defined bicycle tourism as a positive activity, which includeds both transportation and recreation experiences. Wen,H.C., Li,H.C.2003, A strategic study of bicycle tourism in Taiwan, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for transportation Studies, vol.5, October, pp.1675-1683. Ritchie outlines the tourism activity using bicycle tour has more significant mode of vacation or holiday transport (1998). Bicycling is the form of non-polluting activities and people ride bicycles for a widely purposes such as recreation, personal business or even for work. Ritchie,B.W. (1998). Bicycle tourism in the South Island of New Zealand: Planning and management issues. Vol.19, no.6, pp.567-582 To classify the bicycle tourism Faulks, Ritchie Fluker (2006) agreed that to identify bicycle tourism in order to present the size and scope of cycle tourism thus, the definition will base on activity and the use of a bicycle on holiday. The different sectors were Touring, Community cycling events, Competition and Mountain Biking. Faulks P., Ritchie B. Fluker M.(2006). Cycle Tourism in Australia: An investigation into its size and scope. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Australia. Types of bicycle tourism can be classified to three main types (Sustrans 1999)as following: A.Cycling Holidays, the definition base on the main purpose of cycling holiday visit both domestic and overseas.Cyclist may organised trip using tour operator or self-organised with short and long period(Sustrans 1999,p.1). B. Holiday Cycling, the definition differ from above, the Holiday cycling mean of traveller selected cycling as one of travel activities on holiday(Sustrans 1999,p.1) C.Cycling Day Visits defined as making short trip ride from one place to another as a leisure and residences were most commonly. Therefore, Central government promoting cycling as a choice of tour activities with provides services to meet tourist demand, Stakeholders wills benefits. The Bicycle Tourist definition Many researchs have been defined bicycle tourist in different ways however, They has been introduced the definition by Richie(1998, pp.568-569) as: A person who is away from their hometown or country for a period not less than 24 hours or on night, for the purpose of a vacation or holiday, and for whom using a bicycle as a mode of transport during this time away is an integral part of their holiday or vacation. This vacation may be independently organised or part of a commercial tour and may include the use of transport support services and any type of formal and/or informal accommodation. 2.2 The Development of Bicycle Tourism 2.3 The Demand For Bicycle Tourism Requirements of Bicycle Tourists both demestic and international 2.4 The Domestic Bicycle Tourism Tourism Authority of Thailand presents the bicycle tourism in the mode of Eco-tourism activities and shows that bicycle tour has available in Bangkok for instance, The Grand Palace areas and provide informations of another bicycle trip in various areas .( Tourism Authority of Thailand 2010). According to informations it is obvious that bicycle tourism has set in tourism market plan and it is probable that the potentials of an alternative tourism development in Bangkok. Tourism Authority of Thailand 2010, Colorful Thailand:Ecotourism, viewed 20 December 2010, . -Bicycle tour organisation It is primarily found that many tour agents in Thailand but few significant with cycling tour market, furthermore,observed that bicycle tourism perform an act of charity or member club. Bangkok Hash House Biker one of mountain biking club presents the event in occasionally and arrange trip once a month for rider.( Bangkok Hash House Biker 2009)http://www.bangkokbikehash.org/AboutUs.html Tour de Thailand presents as a fully supported charity bike ride from North to South of Thailand http://www.bangkokbikehash.org/AboutUs.html -Supple for bicycle tourism 2.5 The Motivation of Bicycle Tourist As previous researched Lamont found that the attracting destination for independent bicycle tourists were the regions ability of cycling support provided such as a potential of cycling infrastructure, magnificent scenery, aiding service for industries and accessibility (Lamont 2008). Lamont J.M.2008, Wheels of change: a model of whole tourism systems for independent bicycle turism, Proceedings of Re-creating tourism: New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Hanmer Springs, New Zealand, 3-5 December, Lincoln University, Christchurch,pp.1-22.viewed 22 December 2010,. Furthermore, to originate ardor use of bicycle tourism sufficiently, the host must be supplement such a promotional, marketing and widely information and events of cycling provided (Pucher buehler 2009) Pucher J. Buehler R.2009, Cycling for a Few or for Everyone:The Importantce of Social Justice in Cycling Policy,Wolrd Transport Policy Practice, vol.15, no.1, pp.57-64,viewed 22 December 2010, . Sustainable Development definition: Methodology The methodology for this research has been selected in order to obtain data and generalize about the development area of bicycle tourism in Bangkok Metropolis. Type of research The principal purpose of this study is to gain primary information about significant bicycle tourism in order to purpose guidance for bicycle tourism development more efficiently. To investigate the main purpose of study an exploratory will be applies. McKenzie Danforth (2009,p.43) state exploratory research, preliminary research conducted to increase understantding of concept, to clarify the exact nature of the problem to be solved or to identify important variables to be studied. McKenzie K. Danforth S. 2009, Problem Definition, Exploratory Research, and the Research Process.A Marketing Research Proposal. St.George, viewed 22 December 2010,. Data Collection The quantitative and qualitative will be used to achieve the objectives of the research. The quantitative data collection comprise with opened-ended and closed-ended questionnaire will applies into two way. Firstly, the self-completing will design for the online monkey survey will design for a people who yearn for bicycle tourists, or who have undertake cycling as a tour activities previously in order to investigate people with an interest in cycling tour more importantly, the online survey will be logical drive to obtain data both domestic and abroad. The questionnaire will be contribute towards Tourism Authority of Thailand website to assure the survey outcome realibility. Secondly,questionnaire in the same pattern will be conducted with holiday cycling tourist in the visiting area. The qualitative collection, interviews will carried out with Bangkok Bicycle Club member in order to investigate whether the cyclist requirement meet the demand. 3.3 Sampling Design The sample from entire population has been selected therefore, to attain the intensity of study purpose. Sample is a unit of target extracted from a population and aim to be representative of that population(OECD 2003). OSCD 2003, Sample Design,Business Tendency Survey Handbook STATISTICS DIRECTORATE, viewed 23 December 2010, The Quota Sampling design as Survey Monkey online questionnaire in order to gathering primary data from bicycle rider through internal and external. According to OECD: A quota samples is one in which in which each strata identified in the target universe is represented by a specified number (a quota) of respondents. Quota samples are also described as representative samples because the selection of a quota of respondents from each stratum is intended to guarantee that the sample represents, or mirrors, the target universe. Quota samples are also widely used in political opinion polls and consumer opinion surveys (2003,p.2). The Purposive Sampling will be used in order to gathering secondary data in form of cyclist perspective from Bangkok Bicycle Club. As decriped in Teddlie Yu(2007,p.80),Tashakkori Teddlie(2003) presents  ¿Ã‚ ½purposive sampling techniques involve selecting certain units or cases  ¿Ã‚ ½based on a speci ¬Ã‚ c purpose rather than randomly Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003a). Handbook of mixed methods in social behavioral research.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Teddlie C. Yu F.2007, Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology With Examples, Mixed Methods Research, vol.1, no.77, pp.77-100, viewed 23 December 2010, Sampling size will be composed of 100 questionnaires created for bike rider, who online search for sport activities in Thailand destination. While interview survey technique will be conducted with the sample population among 10-15 interviwees with in Bangkok Bicycle Club representatives. 3.4 Questionnaire Survey 3.6 Interview Survey The semi-structured interview will be use Contribution of The Study It is expected that the key finding of this project will be guide and evaluate significant of current bicycle tourism sector therefore, to the better understand of all steakholder to be used for as an alternative tourism development in Bangkok Metropolis. Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Center(STCRC) for funding a supplementary scholarship, and the Australian Regional Tourism Research Centre for the provision of resouces used in this research. Finally, the publishers of Australian Cyclist magazine are sincerely thanked for their generous assistance. References: Introduction Part 1.Thailandtourism Sport Recreation: Biking http://www.tourismthailand.org/see-do/events-festivals/sports-recreation/biking/destination/0/cat/31/?sort=2bymonth=start_date=end_date=keyword=refine=cHash=f88c8a3490pageno=2pagesize=10 2. Thailand tourism plan 2552 http://www.oknation.net/blog/SIAM1932/2009/11/26/entry-3

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Sales

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classic tragedy. ?.... this is, first of all, a play about a man's death. And tragedy has from the beginning dealt with this awesome experience, regarding it as significant and moving.? (Nourse).   The first defining point of a tragedy is the hero. The traits for a tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle in Poetics, are social rank, hamartia, ability to arouse pity, peripeteia, hubris, and anagnorisis. Will Loman's classification as a tragic hero has been debated because he lacks the high social rank and nobility to be considered so. Arthur Miller chose to argue this, however, by stating that Willy Loman was ?a very brave spirit who cannot settle for but must pursue his dream of himself to the end,? (Moss, 27) reasserting the character of a modern hero as noble, not in position ... ... Twayne Publishers, 1967. Nourse, Joan T. Arthur Miller's 'Death of a Salesman' and 'All My Sons.' New York, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Elements of Literature. Ed. Edwina McMahon et al. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1997. Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex." Elements of Literature. Ed. Robert Scholes, Nancy Comley, Carl H. Klaus, and David Staines. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990. 714-757. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991. Clinton W. Trowbridge, "Arthur Miller: Between Pathos and Tragedy," Arthur Miller, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House, 1987) Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Sales Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classic tragedy. ?.... this is, first of all, a play about a man's death. And tragedy has from the beginning dealt with this awesome experience, regarding it as significant and moving.? (Nourse).   The first defining point of a tragedy is the hero. The traits for a tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle in Poetics, are social rank, hamartia, ability to arouse pity, peripeteia, hubris, and anagnorisis. Will Loman's classification as a tragic hero has been debated because he lacks the high social rank and nobility to be considered so. Arthur Miller chose to argue this, however, by stating that Willy Loman was ?a very brave spirit who cannot settle for but must pursue his dream of himself to the end,? (Moss, 27) reasserting the character of a modern hero as noble, not in position ... ... Twayne Publishers, 1967. Nourse, Joan T. Arthur Miller's 'Death of a Salesman' and 'All My Sons.' New York, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Elements of Literature. Ed. Edwina McMahon et al. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1997. Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex." Elements of Literature. Ed. Robert Scholes, Nancy Comley, Carl H. Klaus, and David Staines. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990. 714-757. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991. Clinton W. Trowbridge, "Arthur Miller: Between Pathos and Tragedy," Arthur Miller, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House, 1987)

Best cost allocation method Essay

SQ3R – Survey Question Read Recite Review SQ3R will help you build a framework to understand your reading assignment and it helps us to extract useful information from the text. The reading text is about the unfair headquarters’ overhead cost allocation method of Korea insurance company. There are concerns towards the system by a manager. And that lead to reduce on net income of branches. Jin Kim is trying to develop more efficient systems. The reading text is about the headquarters’ cost allocation method of Korea insurance Co. Inc. Jin Kim, manager of the company, accused that the costing systems is inefficient as it leads to decrease in incremental cost inappropriately and discourages employees to reach the common goal of maximizing profit. It is claimed that the heavy regulations towards the insurance industry by government, put pressure on many financial companies. As a result, many of them tended to adopt least controversial cost allocation policy without considering managerial problems in detail. Jim Kim implemented several policies to generate higher return and less cost, yet there is still room for development of a better system. 1. What is the headquarters’ cost allocation method? 2. What are the concerns of the branch manager? 3. Why is the change of cost systems necessary? 4. How should the cost systems be adjusted? 5. Any difficulties encountered when implementing new system? 6. Who is/are the stakeholder(s)? 7. What criterion does the current system use to allocate overhead costs to branches? Why? 8. How does this effect branches? 1- Exhibit 1 illustrates the cost structure of Korea Auto Insurance Co. Inc. Direct costs accounted for about 60 per cent of total costs while indirect costs accounted for about 40 per cent of total costs. Direct costs consisted of both operating costs (48 per cent) and admin†¦.. 2- Kim, however, realized that expansion of the branch might penalize him and branch employees by not only incurring direct costs at the branch level but also by the branch being allocated a large amount of the headquarters’ overhead costs, resulting in lower net income. 3- Paragraph of ‘IT team’,’ Operating supporting team’ and so on. The reading text is about the headquarters’ cost allocation method of Korea insurance Co. Inc. Jin Kim, manager of the company, accused that the costing systems is unfair as it leads to decrease in incremental income and thus discourages employees to reach the common goal of maximizing profit. It is claimed that the heavy regulations and over-protection towards the insurance industry by government, put pressure on many financial companies. As a result, many of them tended to adopt least controversial cost allocation policy without considering managerial problems in detail. Jim Kim believed that there should be improvement for the costing system.

Early Childhood Essay

Every child is unique in terms of life experiences, developmental readiness, and cultural heritage. A high quality early childhood program should provides a safe and nurturing environment, which promotes physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive development will ensure a positive continuation of the child’s education process. Kindergarten for children is very important. Most parents and children are excited about this stage in life for their child, as well as children might be a scared or nervous. Kindergartens are still mastering new physical skills. They are more able to move their body the way they wants to and, most likely, can run like the wind. Throughout the year kindergarten children will show a number of new physical skills, some are more important than others to help make her kindergarten year a highly successful learning experience. Kindergarten is the year to get used to the routine of school, and the idea of being accountable to a new authority figure and to make new friends, but it’s a crucial year to build the foundation for learning. Kindergarten learns differently, some may learn hands on, or visual. Kindergarten are at the most important stage in life so it is up to the educators to make a difference that can help them in the long so they are able to reach the next grade level as well as overcome any milestones that they may reach throughout their education. First, the classroom is loving, kind, caring, sharing, and motherly to all the children just like my own. The way I envision my classroom is that as you walk in the door you see art and picture of children playing and eating and doing different thing that supports the area such as dramatic play would be children in doctor jackets or something in that nature. The classroom has warm colors around it for each season. Each area of the classroom would be label with such as blocks would be block area, art, dramatic play, water area, science, literacy, etc. The children cubbies are label with their name and picture so they are able to recognize themselves. The library has age appropriate books for the children. The classroom should off the children art and learning. If there is a theme in the classroom the room will represent that specific theme. Each child is at a table that is color coded that will identify each table as a group, each table seats about 3-4 students depending on the class size. Each child has a portfolio so children are able to see their progress throughout the year. The classroom is based on play and material and the children have a teacher child relationship. While planning the curriculum I will provide free play that will allow children their individually time to choose an area of involvement (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). An effective curriculum children should be active and engaged, the goals are clear and shared by all, evidence based, the valued content is learned through investigation, play, and focused, intentional teaching (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The curriculum builds on prior learning and experiences and is comprehensive and most important benefit the needs of the children (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Curriculum should be planned around the developmental needs of the children in my classroom (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Curriculum will builds upon what children already know and are able to do to enable them to connect new concepts and skills. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) urges that as a teacher my curriculum is thoughtfully planned, challenging, engaging, developmentally appropriate, culturally and linguistically responsive, comprehensive and likely to promote positive outcome for all children (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). While planning the curriculum I will provide free play that will allow children their individually time to choose an area of involvement (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The experiences should be developed to help the young children in the classroom to help improve their skills in problem solving, thinking, reasoning, and creating (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The National Association for the Education of Young Children states that high quality, developmentally appropriate programs should be available for all children. A separate statement of the NAEYC divides the concept of appropriateness into two aspects: age appropriateness and individual appropriateness. Philosophies that reflect how I envision my classroom and curriculum are Friedrich Froebel. Friedrich Froebel was a German educator of the nineteenth century who developed an Idealist philosophy of early childhood education. He established kindergarten and education for four and five-year-old children. Kindergarten is now a part of education worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the small town of Oberwiessbach, Germany in 1782. His mother died when he was a baby (Froebel, 2011). His father remarried, but Froebel never liked his stepmother. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life. This had a strong effect on his theory of early childhood education. He believed the kindergarten teacher should be loving, kind and motherly (Froebel, 2011). Froebel studied at the University of Jena for a short time. In 1805, while studying architecture in Frankfurt, he was persuaded to become a teacher by the model school at Frankfurt. Friedrich Froebel changed the way we think about early childhood education. He designed balls, wooden blocks, tiles, sticks and rings to demonstrate that children learn by playing. Known around the world as the Froebel Gifts , these objects were an important part of his Kindergarten (Froebel, 2011). Froebel also included in his kindergarten philosophy the study and nuture of plants in a garden for stimulating children’s interest in nature. He felt it was important for children to grow up in harmony with nature. The Froebel Gifts have been widely imitated and adapted by educators and toys makers. Because of Froebel my classroom will have the right material to that I am able to teach my children with the right material so they can play and learn at the same time. He felt that the teacher should be loving caring and motherly and I feel that I am that way in the classroom as well. â€Å"Treat peoples how you want to be treated† and that’s how I feel as a teacher. Treat other children how I would want my children to be treated. Having that motherly character can also make it easier for a child to be more comfortable in the classroom especially if it the first time being away from the parents. Being that Froebel knew what it was like losing his mother and not liking his stepmother he knew what it was like to feel neglect and isolated so he incorporated that in with teaching and realized that no child should ever feel that way. Froebel’s kindergarten used free play, games, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination while developing physical and motor skill. In most classrooms free play is welcomed as well as games, stories, songs, and craft that will encourage children motor skills as well as solving problems. The kindergarten program was designed to meet children’s needs for physical activity, sensory awareness, creative expression, exploration of ideas and concepts, the pleasure of singing, and the experience of living among others. His educational approach was for â€Å"self-activity,† the idea that allowed the child to be led by his own interests and to freely explore them. Children are more independent and they want to explore new things on their own. Children become aware of numbers early in life, because of daily experience involve various use of numbers. Math is more than learning about numbers and how to add, subtract multiply and divide (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The National Council for Teachers of Mathematics suggests 10 curriculum standards. The standards provide a guide in mathematics curriculum planning ; content standard are numbers and operation, algebra, geometry, measurements, and data analysis and probability. The process standards are problem solving reasoning and proof, communication, connection and representation (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The standard gives an overview of math content and process for prekindergarten through the second grade(Eliason, Jenkins 2012). While teaching math to the children I will also incorporate promotes such as blocks, legos, cheerios, etc so that the children are able to see what they are doing visually . At the end of the year children will be able to understands one-to-one correspondence, sorts and classifies objects according to common characteristics, recognize and create patterns. (e.g. red, blue, red, blue or boy, girl, boy, girl), understand simple bar graphs and interpret how they help us gather information, count to 100, identify and print numbers 1-20, identify and draw basic shapes such as rectangle, square, circle and triangle. Reading is a communicative art that involves recognizing and understanding words(Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Children cannot read with understanding and comprehension something they don’t have the background knowledge about. Learning to read takes time, patience, desire, and readiness (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Kindergarten is a year of discovery in reading and literacy. Child will learn to recognize simple words in print, including his own name and those of his classmates. Letter-sound correspondence, phonemic awareness, sight words recognition, rhyming and words families and concepts about print are the areas in which your child will expand his knowledge this year. By the end of the year some kindergartners will even be reading a little bit. Kindergarten science explores topics that are meaningful to students and can be applied to everyday life. Children will learn about good health habits, including nutrition and an introduction to dental hygiene. Children will spend time learning the process of inquiry as we learn about the five senses. Children will be able to collect information , observation, and data record information while exploring science projects. We will observe outside, take field trips, walks, and be able to talk about what we see. We will explore cause and effect. Science will be integrated into everyday activities including cooking projects Fine Arts are any art form. For example, painting, sculpture, architecture, drawing, or engraving that is considered to have purely aesthetic value (Encarta, 2004). The arts can open the minds of students in ways mere reading and writing will never be able to accomplish. Teaching through arts helps students experience concepts rather than simply discussing or reading it or have it read to them. This approach is consistent with educational theories that highlight the importance of reaching multiple learning styles or intelligences (Jacobs, 1999, p. 2). By working through the arts, instead of about the arts, the students’ educational experience will be achieved in a different way than just teaching the standard style of learning. Education of art helps students develop creativity, self-expression, analytical skills, discipline, cross-cultural understandings, and a heightened appreciation for the arts† and that â€Å"students who develop artistic expression and creative problem solving skills are more like to succeed in school. An activity that I would teach would be fine art such would be painting. Friedrich Froebel, the father of kindergarten, believed that young children should be involved in both making their own art and enjoying the art of others. Children will have a sheet of paper and would be able to pick two different colors out of four. I would allow them to chose if they want to finger paint, or use a paint brush. Once children have made their decision they would be able to self express.. Washington state standard for Art is through dance, music, theatre, and visual arts provide detailed recommendations and guidance for K–12 arts education. These documents include: Washington State K–12 Arts Learning Standards (one document encompassing all four arts disciplines—dance, music, theatre, and visual arts). Another activity would be science. We would see how long it takes an ice cube to melt. The Washington State K-12 Science Standards is a detailed document describing what all students are expected to know and be able to do at each level of our educational system in the area of science. The purpose of these standards is to provide strong support for students, parents, teachers, and the broader community by guiding the alignment of the school curriculum, instruction, and assessment at local and state levels. To accomplish this purpose it is essential to use this document in the following ways: Those responsible for curriculum alignment should refer to this document in selecting or developing instructional materials that enable students to acquire core conceptual knowledge and abilities in science. Those responsible for assessment alignment at the local and state levels should refer to this document in selecting and/or developing assessment tools and rubrics that measure student achievement of the core content in these standards. Those responsible for instructional alignment should refer to this document in designing classroom instruction and professional development of teachers to ensure that achieving these core content standards is a priority. It is also important to point out what the standards. In conclusion early childhood program should provides a safe and nurturing environment, which promotes physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive development will ensure a positive continuation of the child’s education process. References. â€Å"Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) – Biography, Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy, The Kindergarten Curriculum, Diffusion of the Kindergarten. † Education Encyclopedia. StateUniversity. com. < http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html > 21 Dec. 2010. Froebel. (2011, April 04). † Education Encyclopedia. StateUniversity. com. < http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html > 21 Dec. 2010. Eliason, C. F. , Jenkins, L. (2012). A practical guide to early childhood curriculum (9th ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Cluff, D. (2005, October 6). The Importance of Fine Arts in the Classroom. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Importance-of-Fine-Arts-in-the-Classroom&id=80061.