Organizational Behavior Essay Free Essays

I. Landing area COMPANY 1. 1 Tarmac’s structure Tarmac was initially shaped by Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1993 and now being the UK ‘s biggest quarrying organization and provider of development. We will compose a custom article test on Authoritative Behavior Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Landing area leads available of totals, prepared blended cement and black-top. Its business likewise incorporate national contracting and Buxton. In procedure of shaping and creating. Landing area is required to has a reasonable structure to set up a rich business. Base on situation, Tarmac has set up a hierarchical structure that gives away from of control, obligation and correspondence. Landing area is sorted out into three organizations: Tarmac Quarry Materials, Tarmac building Products and Tarmac universal. To give away from control and obligations , in every territory, the organization center around building three primary degree of staff implies that the organization. Each level connect with a particular scope of obligations. Besides, Tarmac has a lot of business standards to guarantee representatives duty and assist them with understanding their job. Landing area activity contain backing of certain divisions and these divisions additionally share thoughts over the organization about how to improve forms and accomplish cost sparing. It clear that Tarmac structure base on its three SBUs. As an enormous and complex organization, Structured by SBUs bolster Tarmac in growing their business quickly in various geographic area. Be that as it may, cost for working up a SBU is high and that is a test for advancement of Tarmac. Allude to reference section 1, adjacent to certain divisions backing to Tarmac activity, for example, fund, human asset, etc†¦there are different divisions contained in each SBU. Landing area mean to set up multidivisional structure additionally with reason to characterize obligations regarding workers. Another point is that multidivisional structure will help Tarmac to apply absolute quality administration successfully. Be that as it may, correspondence issues may occur in this structure. a division can meddle work of others or rehash what other division did then reason misconstruing, strife and waste asset. Furthermore, to deal with its large business, Tarmac need tall structure limit range of control. Wide range of control in a major organization like Tarmac can make supervisors exhausted and lead to inappropriate dynamic. Tall structure make it simpler for chiefs to control and screen execution of subordinate. Additionally, many degree of chain of command give away from of duties and control to help multidivisional structure. In multidivisional structure, an away from of obligations is required for partitioning undertaking to director. Also, various leveled structure empower Tarmac to make centralization. As a major organization with numerous divisions, centralization is essential for Tarmac to decrease repetitive situation for sparing expense. Then again, progressive structure hypothetically forestall correspondence among workers and elevated level of director. Workers and low degree of the board can discover trouble to contact with top level. 1. 2 Tarmac’s culture Tarmac gives a lot of consideration in their way of life. In a multidivisional structure, errand or job culture ordinarily applied. Landing area need to pick a culture that suit with its drawn out point. Tarmac’s long haul point is to grow superior groups who work inside a culture of value and persistent improvement. The organization likewise has faith in drawing out the best in the entirety of their kin. With the objective to apply a culture that acknowledge group base and individual potential, task culture is more reasonable than job culture. In addition, what the organization need is offering chance to representatives to contribute their thoughts on the most proficient method to accomplish result and empowering a culture of learning. Plainly Tarmac can not make a difference job culture to accomplish these objective in light of the fact that these are disservice of this culture. With task culture, Tarmac can accomplish the company’s objective through group direction. Additionally, task culture is a significant piece of workers contribution that Tarmac apply in absolute quality administration. Be that as it may, to task culture isn't anything but difficult to apply. To develop superior group, there are three major issue should be taken in thought. Initially, Employees commitment take a lot of time and need an appropriate definite arrangement to accomplish. Instructions to rouse individuals and help them to accomplish their latent capacity are trouble in applying task culture. Besides, Tarmac face to significant expense to apply task culture. Cost for preparing, group fabricating and organizing framework may keep the organization from setting up their business. To wrap things up, authority is significant in cooperation. Who are pioneers of groups ? How would they settle on choice ? what's more, how do these choices are viable. Administration style is a basic apparatus to oversee and persuade collaboration in task culture. 1. Connection among structure and culture of Tarmac and their consequences for business execution Organizational culture can draw a major picture of an organization, the size, execution and every single significant component while authoritative structure show the request and premise of this picture. The image of Tarmac is various groups which contain aficionado and able individuals. Every one of them connect with a reasonable errand and attempt to remain in higher spot to accomplish their own objective. Moreover, all groups center around a point which is Tarmac’s vision. On the off chance that we consider about the structure, we can see that there are a chain from groups, administrators, chiefs and supervisors. One chain is delegate for a specific division and gathering of divisions make a SBU. There is a connection between structure, culture to business execution. In Tarmac. choice is produced using elevated level of the board due to centralization. Notwithstanding, task culture guarantee that there will be there are thought given by workers to administrators to fortify dynamic. Choices are initially produced using top level by centralization and typically moderate reaction to condition since they need time to go through various degree of chain of command. Be that as it may, task culture has decreased this moderate reaction. When having change to introduce thoughts, workers commitment and responsibility are improved. Likewise, this will help the choice applied rapidly in light of the fact that workers can comprehend find the change since they can be give their own assessments which are mull over. Culture of learning and improvement will in general upgrade and advance the organization information. This culture advance profitability and diminishing weight of directors in training and dynamic. Numerous burdens in Tarmac structure are settled by their way of life. Workers in task culture can accomplish their own objectives in a group. Poor correspondence between from various administration level additionally expelled by urging workers to show their thoughts yet a ultimate choice is still has a place with administrators so the dynamic is improved. The way of life makes the structure increasingly adaptable while the structure help to frame the way of life. In spite of the fact that cooperate in a group, representatives are answerable for report to their administrator. In addition, diverse degree of the board set out standard to control execution of representatives to guarantee workers execution. Likewise, zone chiefs are individuals who empower and reward staff who contribute improvement thoughts and activity to guarantee the value of group execution. 1. 4 Influence singular conduct at work in Tarmac Individual conduct at work are worked from condition inside organization on the loose. Landing area culture and approaches expect to set up a standard of conduct for each position. Connecting with representatives and act dependably are referenced five major objectives that are Tarmac esteem. The organization accentuation that representatives work at one group and each group accomplish its maximum capacity. Workers are relied upon to mindful of camaraderie for them to act in group. For each group to accomplish its maximum capacity, it have to ensure that all individuals can accomplish their maximum capacity. In other word, capacity of representatives ought to be utilized completely to improve group execution. Landing area additionally acknowledge significance of acting mindfully. It need workers to bring their skill, energy and duty to the exercises they will convey. The organization require uplifting demeanor at work with high obligation.. Furthermore, Tarmac has set of business rules that show its responsibility to working morally and mindfully. Representatives need to comprehend that their work must help the organization points and targets. Working in groups isn't implies that Tarmac doesn’t care about individual’s capacity. Landing area apply a learning and advancement for workers to build up their abilities and develop learning mentality. Through introducing thoughts on the most proficient method to accomplish the outcome, representatives will get additionally understanding in their activity. The organization administrators likewise have the errand to urge individuals to accomplish their own latent capacity. Representatives of Tarmac have chances to contribute their thought on the most proficient method to accomplish result with the goal that representatives are allowed to introduce their working style. As Tarmac notice in their procedure is to have opportune individuals with right expertise implies that individuals ought to be occupied with an errand that appropriate with their latent capacity and desire. With the goal that about capacity to carry out the responsibility as well as consciousness of individuals for their assignment is concerned. Chief need to consider that every character suit for an alternate undertaking. Supervisors and administration style are likewise influence representatives conduct at work. One strategic zone supervisor is to energize group through instructing and initiative. To work in a group, every part need a major inspiration to be a piece of it. This strategic to guarantee the disposition at work for every part remind them about their duty. Also, zone director will empower and remunerate staff who contribute improvement thoughts and activity. This activity unequivocally elevate workers to perform well and show their full capacity. For h

social marketing Focuses on Developing and Integrating

Question: Examine about the social promoting Focuses on Developing and Integrating. Answer: Presentation: Social promoting centers around creating and coordinating showcasing ideas with various ways to deal with impact personal conduct standard that benefits networks or people for social great. Social showcasing likewise considered as business promoting rehearses with the focal point of accomplishing non-business objectives. In right now, various associations have center around various social promoting cause for increasing the value of the network. In this report, spotlight would be on one of the most famous non-benefit associations to be specific Oxfam Australia, as it is hoping to enlist volunteers for satisfying business targets (oxfam.org.au, 2017). The report will portray the focal point of starting social promoting effort for initiating individuals to take volunteer exercises. The program and battle center: Oxfam speaks to an autonomous Australian non-benefit association that centers around improving the living nature of impediment individuals. Hence, Oxfam has attempted to give items to the weakness individuals at an incredibly less expensive value rate. Actually, it has attempted to give a few standard items at just $1 dollar for all the disservice individuals so they can lead their lives appropriately (oxfam.org.au, 2017). It has incited Oxfam to start advertising effort for empowering individuals give more for the destitute individuals. Presently, Oxfam has ready to build its compass in the worldwide market. Hence, it requires colossal measure of work power for satisfying the social reason and exercises. Therefore, consideration of volunteers has gotten clear for the association in keeping up the cost level leveled out (ztamur Karakad?lar, 2014). Else, it would be incredibly hard for Oxfam to satisfy all the business goals. Then again, incorporation of volunteers would permit Oxfam to impact increasingly number of individuals to give for the social reason and exercises. By and by, Oxfam Australias work has reach in 28 nations where in excess of 5 million weakness individuals has gotten help with driving their lives. Along these lines, incorporation of volunteers would permit improving the way of life of the worldwide impediment individuals. SWOT examination: Qualities Shortcomings Social advertising would permit Oxfam Australia to set up solid nearness in the worldwide market Oxfam has amazingly solid brand notoriety, as it has helped a large number of drawback individuals the whole way across the world Oxfam has individuals from all over the world who gives gigantic measure of standard items for the penniless individuals Oxfam still has not ready to set up its essence in the Africa and European mainland totally Oxfam still has not ready to comfort required number of individuals for giving items to the burden individuals Openings Dangers Utilizing the solid brand notoriety, Oxfam can expand its range in all pieces of the world It additionally need to incorporate exceptional consideration for road youngsters with the goal that they can ready to get needed help Expanding number of burden individuals the whole way across the world has additionally expanded the degree of difficulties for Oxfam to offer appropriate help As Oxfam has concentrated on using volunteers for satisfying all the prerequisites of the operational procedure, it should invest extra energy to inspire them towards the gave obligations (Papadopoulos Heslop, 2014) Expanding cost of every day utilization items has risen as another significant difficulties for Oxfam to counter so as to satisfy the necessities of the inconvenience individuals Table 1: SWOT investigation (Source: Armstrong et al., 2012) Avocation of a suitable objective market: As indicated by Baker (2014), adequacy of social market techniques relies upon the targets of the association. It has been evaluated that unmistakable points and targets regularly permit individuals to get mindful about the substance of social promoting. Therefore, Oxfam should concentrate on using all showcasing factors adequately so as to make greatest effect available. According to the article by Chung, Lu Wang and Huang (2012), associations need to assess factors related with the advertising blend procedure for satisfying all the destinations adequately. In this manner, promoting blend methodologies of Oxfam Australia are given as follows: Item: As indicated by Eggers, Hansen and Davis (2012) hierarchical items mirror the sort of offices it accommodate building up its quality in the market. Oxfam doesn't fabricate any items, as it would build the general operational expense. Thus, Oxfam prompt individuals to give more for the so it can ready to guarantee sound network to the whole network. Be that as it may, Oxfam attempts to guarantee the nature of the items stay at the most elevated request. Along these lines, it require gigantic labor for impacting individuals from various pieces of the world to guarantee required measure of items has been gathered. In this manner, Oxfam should actualize social promoting for selecting more individuals for satisfying all the prerequisites of the operational procedure (Sarin, Challagalla Kohli, 2012). Additionally, it would permit Oxfam to gather wide scope of items from the market. Social advertising would likewise help Oxfam to build trust level among the individuals from the whole way ac ross the globe. Cost: According to the article by Kim et al. (2012) cost mirrors the sum that clients pay so as to satisfy their requirements and needs adequately. If there should be an occurrence of benefit association, cost has been set at such level that can give required degree of benefit. Be that as it may, the business goal of Oxfam is to offer most extreme help administrations to the detriment individuals. Consequently, it has attempted to set the value level amazingly low with the goal that individuals from all pay gatherings can ready to bear the cost of it without any problem. Here, use of social showcasing is basic, as it would permit association to give data with respect to the social reason targets. It has additionally been evaluated that Oxfam needs to utilize least cash for finishing the whole operational technique for offering legitimate help administrations to the individuals beneath the destitution line. Spot/dispersion: As featured by Leonidou et al. (2013) spot or dispersion alludes to the client access towards a particular item or administration gave by the organization. Hence, Oxfam should concentrate on using market inclusion, diversifying, warehousing and arrangement to guarantee all the inconvenience individuals get legitimate help administrations. Along these lines, it would require successful observing and evaluating from the administration of Oxfam, which will expand the centrality of remembering volunteers for the organization. Moreover, distinguishing perfect individuals is another basic part of Oxfam conveyance method, which would likewise require HR. Presently, consideration of volunteers would not permit the operational expense to build more than the ideal level. Thus, it would permit association to convey administrations from various pieces of the world. Advancement/correspondence: Oxfam additionally need to concentrate on the advancement of powerful communicational strategy with the goal that it can guarantee the whole targets can satisfied at the ideal level. Presently, as a non-benefit association, Oxfam should concentrate on passing on message identified with social reason to the individuals all over the globe. Something else, the general goal of starting social showcasing effort would not be satisfied in a fitting way (Lusch Vargo, 2014). Hence, Oxfam should be incredibly cautious at the hour of choosing any special devices for satisfying business targets. For example, Oxfam would likewise need to concentrate on using direct advertising effort for correspondence the business destinations to the individuals the whole way across the world. Hence, it would require immense work power, which can't be finished without the consideration of volunteers. Thusly, it would build up the way that Oxfam Australia needed to remember volunteers for the organization and the executives administrations. Else, it would not ready to satisfy its business targets. Eye catching message: As referenced by Morgan, Katsikeas and Vorhies (2012) legitimate improvement of message is basic for speaking with the potential clients viably. Presently, operational procedure of Oxfam Australia has impacted to catch the eye of the considerable number of people groups, as it would likewise need to build the quantity of benefactors for satisfying all the market prerequisites. Oxfam additionally have concentrated on creating powerful message for catching the eye of the individuals. Hence, Oxfam should concentrated on following slogan Join us and feel the flavor of globalization for catching the consideration of the individuals. Subsequently, the message hopes to incite individuals for contributing more for the prosperity of the network. Viability of the created message: As referenced before, Oxfam has just settled itself in around 28 nations. In this way, if social advertising message of the organization can impact individuals to turn into a functioning volunteer of the association, it would permit them to give help with the general advantages of the world. Besides, the message has attempted to incorporate individuals from the whole way across the world to turn into a functioning part inside the association. Truth be told, the message has attempted to actuate individuals to turn into an individual from the association in any which ways (Shih, Chen, 2013). For example, individuals can pick be a benefactor, which will permit the association to gather required measure of items for satisfying the necessities of the individuals living underneath the destitution line. Then again, message additionally has attempted to incorporate individuals as a volunteer, which will likewise give help to the association in making mindfulness in the worldwide market (Shet h Sisodia, 2015). Throughout the years, the whole world is enduring with the expanding number of individuals living beneath th

The Differences Between Hard vs. Soft Drugs

The Differences Between Hard vs. Soft Drugs Addiction Drug Use Print The Differences Between Hard and Soft Drugs By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 22, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 07, 2020 Colin Brynn/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The terms soft drugs and hard drugs are arbitrary terms with little to no clear criteria or scientific basis. Typically, the term hard drug has been used to categorize drugs that are addictive and injectable, notably, heroin, cocaine, and crystal methamphetamine.  Marijuana is usually the only drug included within the category of soft drugs, although some people include nicotine and alcohol in the soft drug category because of their legal status for use by adults, and their relative social acceptability compared to illegal drugs. The term soft drug is sometimes used interchangeably with the term gateway drug, a term that is equally inaccurate.?? Questions of the Terms Soft and Hard in Reference to Drugs Use of the terms hard and soft drugs raises more questions than it answers. Is a drug only hard when it is injected? Surely heroin, crack, and meth is not soft drugs when they are smoked. With these drugs, it is the purity, amount, frequency of use, social context, and route of administration that typically determines how harmful it is. And the implication that marijuana is a soft or relatively harmless drug is being increasingly questioned. There are several different types of marijuana, with hashish and hash oil traditionally being thought of as harder forms of cannabis. However, stronger strains of weed are being genetically engineered and longer-term harms are becoming more apparent. Criminology research shows that few drug offenders limit themselves to only one drug, bringing into question the idea that drug users are able to limit themselves to a single soft drug, although there is a clear pattern among this population of progression from marijuana to heroin.?? Difficulties With Categorization of Drugs If we were to categorize drugs according to how hard or soft they are, several drugs would be particularly difficult to categorize. Hallucinogens, such as magic mushrooms and LSD, and the rave drug ecstasy, are generally not considered by users to be addictive â€" although some research tells a different story.?? But given the lower incidence of addiction to these drugs  and the fact that they are taken orally rather than injected, would they be considered soft drugs? As the risks associated with bad trips and flashbacks are well-documented, and with their status as controlled drugs, it is unlikely that experts would support the view that they are soft drugs. And which category would prescription medications, such as tranquilizers and painkillers, go into? We dont usually hear the term hard drugs applied to these medications, even when they are abused, yet some are chemically similar to heroin, while others are among the most addictive drugs around and the most dangerous to withdraw from. So the soft drug category doesnt fit for them, either. Closing Thoughts So the terms hard drugs and soft drugs dont tell you much about the drugs being referred to. They are used mostly for dramatic effect, to get across the speakers perceptions about the relative harmfulness of one drug compared to another.

Causes And Effects Of Anaphylaxis - 876 Words

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can be caused by ingestion of certain foods or a bug or animal bite. Symptoms of an anaphylactic shock are dangerous and can include poor blood circulation, shortness of breath, and trouble swallowing, all of which may lead to death if untreated. The first step to treating anaphylaxis is epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter which treats by acting as false adrenaline for the body, effectively stopping the symptoms of anaphylaxis. Since 1980, people with anaphylaxis have been able to carry epinephrine, a life saving treatment, on them at all times with the invention of the epinephrine auto-injector, or EpiPen. The EpiPen was and remains a revolutionary piece of technology; a device which allowed sufferers to quickly and safely inject epinephrine in themselves, with simple instructions printed right on the side in the event someone else had to administer the injection. Epinephrine, the medicine contained within an EpiPen, is sold very cheaply. The Epipen, however, has faced a series of price increases, resulting in its manufacturer, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, facing extreme criticism. According to Carrier (2016), â€Å"Between 2009 and 2016, Mylan raised the price of this life-saving device, which delivers epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis shock, 15 times, resulting in an increase of more than 400%† (p.1). The uproar is widespread, with several powerful voices chiming in, such as that of democratic presidentialShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Exposure Of Horse1399 Words   |  6 Pagescalled hypersensitivity and is clinically recognizable as allergy. If the reaction is sudden and clinically severe, it is called anaphylaxis and may result in anaphylactic shock. Eyre (1976) observed systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypotension, and apnea with anaphylaxis in horses and concluded that histamine and serotonin were of relatively low significance in equin e anaphylaxis, whereas kinins, prostaglandins and slow reacting substance may be more important. While Burka et al. (1976) described thatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Allergies1391 Words   |  6 Pagesin the population.In addition ,Cause of food allergy enter hospital almost thirty thousand people to the emergency room, and up to a hundred to two hundred deaths each year (Taylor and Hefle. 2005). The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the on the issue of food allergies in terms of the number of people having allergies, various emergency situations,allergy symptoms, allergy treatment and prevention. 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However, if these required vaccinations cause the child to develop sickness or other health problems, they cannot attend school. Factors such as public education requiring vaccinations may pressure parents into getting their child fully vaccinated, even if they do not agree with it. There is a large argument against some vaccinations due to claims of strong and potentially harmful (or fatal) side effects affe cting the child only after obtaining vaccines. There are also issuesRead MoreImportance Of Immunisations And Vaccination833 Words   |  4 Pagesdose of the disease or virus. The dose is small and weak enough to allow the body to create antibodies that fight the disease, without the patient actually being infected and suffering the symptoms of the disease. With the immune response put into effect, the body has created distinct antibodies for a certain disease that can be used to fight off the disease if it ever tries to attack the host. 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Effect Of Excessive Poaching On African Elephants - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 711 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Animal Poaching Essay Did you like this example? While elephants born without tusks are not unheard of, they normally make up just 2 to 6 percent of the herd population. However, that is not the case at Mozambique’s Gorongosa National Park, where 33 percent of female elephants born after the country’s civil war, were born tusk less. While that may appear to be just a coincidence, Joyce Poole, an elephant behavior expert and National Geographic Explorer, has a different theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect Of Excessive Poaching On African Elephants" essay for you Create order Poole thinks we may be witnessing an unnaturally created evolution of the species due to the incessant poaching of the mammals for their valuable tusks. Tusks unlike our permanent teeth continue to grow throughout the elephants life, they get longer and thicker with age and while humans continue to use the tusks for ornamental use they are actually essential for the survival of the mammals. While poachers usually first target older males due to their impressive tusks, females are not spared either. As a result, in areas where poaching goes unchecked for long periods of time, the population of tusk less females increases. This allows them to gain a biological advantage, resulting in a larger than average population of females with no tusks. This is not the first time researchers have observed a drastic change in the population of elephant herds who have suffered severe poaching losses. Thus far, the consequence of poaching has largely impacted female elephants. Poole explains, â€Å"Because males require tusks for certain tasks, however very few males are tusk less. For African elephants, tusk less males have a much harder time breeding and do not pass on their genes as often as tusked males.† However, if the slaughtering of males with the most impressive tusks continues at this pace, it could result in a generation of elephants with much smaller tusks. Poole says, however the recent ban on ivory in both the US and China should help to eliminate, or at the very least redu ce, the poaching of elephants. But, scientists are not sure how long it will take for the elephant herds with a higher rate of tusk less females, to reverse the trend. Excessive Poaching May Be Causing African Elephants To Evolve Without Tusks While elephants born without tusks are not unheard of, they normally make up just 2 to 6 percent of the herd population. However, that is not the case at Mozambique’s Gorongosa National Park, where 33 percent of female elephants born after the country’s civil war, were born tusk less. While that may appear to be just a coincidence, Joyce Poole, an elephant behavior expert and National Geographic Explorer, has a different theory. Poole thinks we may be witnessing an unnaturally created evolution of the species due to the incessant poaching of the mammals for their valuable tusks. Tusks unlike our permanent teeth continue to grow throughout the elephants life, they get longer and thicker with age and while humans continue to use the tusks for ornamental use they are actually essential for the survival of the mammals. While poachers usually first target older males due to their impressive tusks, females are not spared either. As a result, in areas where poaching goes unchecked for long periods of time, the population of tusk less females increases. This allows them to gain a biological advantage, resulting in a larger than average population of females with no tusks. This is not the first time researchers have observed a drastic change in the population of elephant herds who have suffered severe poaching losses. Thus far, the consequence of poaching has largely impacted female elephants. Poole explains, â€Å"Because males require tusks for certain tasks, however very few males are tusk less. For African elephants, tusk less males have a much harder time breeding and do not pass on their genes as often as tusked males.† However, if the slaughtering of males with the most impressive tusks continues at this pace, it could result in a generation of elephants with much smaller tusks. Poole says, however the recent ban on ivory in both the US and China should help to eliminate, or at the very least redu ce, the poaching of elephants. But, scientists are not sure how long it will take for the elephant herds with a higher rate of tusk less females, to reverse the trend.

Influence of Dominant Culture Free Essays

Eunice Oh Jerome 2/24/11 Essay 3 Draft 1 Influences of Dominant Cultures There are many historical stories and daily events where we can see influences of dominant cultures. When a dominant power controls a minority power, there can have some positive effects; however, most of the influences are negative. The memoir, When I Was Puerto Rican, by Esmeralda Santiago, is a great example of how the majority can have a variety of influences on the minority. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Dominant Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The influences of a dominant culture on others can cause some limitations upon the minority’s actions or behaviors that can be seen as â€Å"against the norm†, can cause the minority to lose their culture and assimilate into the majority and possibly lead to suffering, mistreatment, and discrimination by majority groups. The dominant culture or power can cause some limitations to the minority’s actions. In the memoir, When I Was Puerto Rican, Negi shows how men have power over women in a family. In Puerto Rico, men are supposed to work outside and be the breadwinner of the family. Women are not expected to have a job, but instead are subjected to a domestic role, such as doing the housework and raising children. This dominant traditional culture imposes many limitations on women such as not as many jobs are available compared to the opportunities offered to men and need to get married before they reach a certain age to not be called Jamonas, which translates to â€Å"old, unmarried woman†. In the memoir, Mami gets a job and tells Negi to take care of her siblings. This causes her family members to feel different ways. Negi expresses, â€Å"I couldn’t help the tears that broke my face into a million bits, which made her kneel and hold me†(112). Negi describes how Mami has to get up even earlier than before to make breakfast and go to work. The dominant culture of females doing the housework requires Mami to work both outside and at home. Also, since the dominant culture is expecting women to stay at home, people view Mami as a woman who does not fit with the norm. It is hard to break dominant traditional cultures that place many limitations on the minority. In Puerto Rico, people call unmarried old woman Jamonas. Because the dominant culture sees those women with certain perception, it already makes other people see Jamonas in a wrong way. This will impose many limitations on Jamonas’ actions such as when they try to get a job or to get married. Having limitations is not the only influence of the dominant culture. It can also cause the minority to lose their culture and become a part of the majority. In the article, â€Å"Alien Soil†, Jamaica Kincaid recalls what she sees about the influence of a dominant culture in her experience. There was naturally an attempt among some of them (Antiguans) to imitate their rulers in this particular way—by rearranging the landscape—and they did it without question†. Antiguan people are following the dominant ruler (the English) without noticing and questioning what they are doing. Since it is more likely that the majority will greatly influence the culture and way of life of the minority. It can result in the minority losing their culture. Also, as the dominant culture influences the minority, it is likely that the minority follows and believes that the dominant side seems right. When Hitler first became the dictator of Germany, it is certain that many citizens did not want Hitler to be the dictator. However, as Nazi power became dominant, citizens slowly jumped the bandwagon. Citizens, who could be seen as the minority in terms of power, chose to follow the new dominant culture in order to survive and for the good of the country. This resulted in tragedy, which killed an unbelievable number of Jewish people during World War II. Therefore, it is important to decide if it is okay to follow the dominant power. The Jewish people had to lose their culture since the Nazis tried to wipe out the gene of the Jewish. They did not have any power to oppose Hitler, which just leads to their death. Puerto Rico can be seen as an independent country, but the ultimate power belongs to the United States. This indirect dominant power of the United States over Puerto Ricans causes many influences. The older generation in Puerto Rico mostly opposed on the United States having power over them, but the younger generation seems to prefer the way they live right now. This shift in opinion was because of dominant power. Since the United States helps them and was beneficial to them, the younger generation in Puerto Rico tend to follow the US’ dominant power. This might result in the loss of their culture due to the dominant culture’s influences. Another influence of the dominant culture is that the minority group usually suffers a lot of mistreatment and discrimination from the majority. Korea was once conquered by Japan around the early 1940’s, and some influences still remain as a scar in many people’s lives. Korea’s lack of improvement in the economy and educational system was later dominated by the Japanese style. This was one of the few good parts of Japanese dominant culture influences from Korea. However, there are many negative influences that required many sacrifices from Koreans. Japan was in the war with America at that time, therefore, Japan took most of the military resources from Korea. Most citizens were forced to work like slaves and not treated like human. Those sacrifices still remain in many people’s lives. It brings a lot of influences to younger generation, too. Koreans and Japanese often show hatred toward each other when thinking about their belligerent history. The memoir, Fairwell to Manzanar, by Jeanne Wakasuki, shows how the Japanese had to go through all the sacrifices because of the dominant power of the United States. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese people were placed in internment camps, even though they did not commit any crimes directly. However, the dominant power of the United States was enough to force the Japanese to the camps. It led to a lot of turmoil for them. Jeanne’s father lost his pride and power as the head of the family. They had to give up on their home, friends, and live in harsh conditions. This historical memoir shows that dominant power can influence the lives of many people just because of they are powerless to fight back. There can be many positive influences of dominant cultures. However, having the dominant power on the minority is more likely to influence them in negative ways. It can cause many disturbances, such as the loss of minority power, and can also lead to sacrifices from the minority to survive from the majority. Therefore, it is crucial for both the majority and minority to cooperate to ensure the prosperity of the collective. How to cite Influence of Dominant Culture, Essay examples

The Use of Tea Tree Oil as an Alternative to Mupirocin for Those Suffering free essay sample

Abstract In vitro studies show that tea tree oil can be used as a topical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) eradication regimen in a laboratory setting. This report has been researched using a wide range of journals and internet sources to find out whether tea tree oil can be used as an alternative to Mupirocin for those suffering from MRSA colonisation. The journals that were searched contained useful information about tea tree oil as an antiseptic, however, many of the studies, like Hada et al (2001), looked at inhibiting the MRSA colonization rather than eradicating it. There were three studies found to be useful in this review. The first was Dryden et al (2004) which found Mupirocin to be more effective than tea tree oil by only a small percentage. The second study by Caelli et al (2001), which had considerably fewer participants, showed a large but non-significant improvement in eradicating MRSA compared to traditional treatment. Finally, the third study by May et al (2000) was performed with two chemically different tea tree oils and found a rapid killing time (less than 60 min) was achieved with both tea tree oils with most isolates, but MRSA was killed more slowly than other organisms. This study does not include murpirocin, however, it shows the success rates of tea tree oil as an antiseptic. All of these studies are cited in a review found by Flaxman (2007) which compares two randomized controlled trials which was undertaken to show the effects of tea tree oil and mupirocin in eradicating MRSA. There are currently an insufficient amount of studies to support the viability of tea tree oil in clinical practice against the eradication of MRSA. Introduction Antibiotics have saved millions of lives by killing harmful bacteria that cause infections. But the overuse of antibiotics has lead to the development of strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a type of bacteria that doesnt respond to treatment with many common antibiotics. Tea tree oil has been suggested as a possible alternative to dealing with certain forms of MRSA infection, but questions about its effectiveness remain (webmd. boots. com). Mupirocin is an antibiotic that is used topically on the skin for the treatment of bacterial disease of the skin caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Unlike most other antibiotics which act on either bacterial DNA or the walls of bacteria, mupirocin blocks the bacteriums ability to make proteins. Without the ability to make proteins, the bacteria die (medicinenet. com). Tea tree oil is obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, a tree native to Australia, and is reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties (Dryden, 2004). Currently, tea tree oil is used in cosmetics and healthcare products and has recently re-emerged as an effective antiseptic. Tea tree oil appears to exert its antibacterial action by disrupting the integrity of cell membranes of the bacteria, causing leaks in the cell walls to occur. Several studies show that tea tree oil is successful in killing MRSA in relatively short periods of time in concentrations 5% or less (Carson et al, 1995; May et al, 2000; Banes-Marshall et al, 2001 cited in Flaxman, 2007). A limited number of published controlled clinical trials support this latter use (May, 1999). Discussion A study by Dryden et al (2004) was a randomized controlled trial that dealt with tea tree oil compared to the usual treatment of MRSA. Dryden et al’s study took place a district general hospital and involved 236 people, whereas a study by Caelli et al (2000), which was also a randomized controlled trial, involved only 30 people and took place in an acute teaching referral hospital. There is little information on this hospital therefore it cannot be compared to other hospital settings (Dryden, Caelli cited in Flaxman, 2007). It was found that those who bathed using preparations containing tea tree oil never caught MRSA, whilst those who did not use them almost always did. According to Dryden et al (2004) tea tree creams and soaps appeared to be safe and well tolerated. Dryden also found that there was no significant difference between the two regimens when all patients and all colonized sites were taken into consideration with a success rate of 41% for tea tree oil and 49% for mupirocin. However, mupirocin was significantly more effective than tea tree cream in the nostrils (Dryden, 2004). Unlike Dryden et al, the study by Caelli et al (2000) gave age ranges for comparison in their two groups. Fifty-eight years compared to seventy-four years may have influenced the results as younger patients usually only suffer with nasal carriage and older patients tend to suffer with chronic wounds colonized with MRSA (Flaxman, 2007). However, Dryden treated lesions that Caelli et al did not which may also have affected the results in that lesions are often colonized if a patient has carriage (Flaxman, 2007). A study by May et al (2000) was an in-vitro study looking at time-kill studies of tea free oil on clinical isolates including MRSA. It was performed with two chemically different tea tree oils and found a rapid killing time (less than 60 min) was achieved with both tea tree oils with most isolates, but MRSA was killed more slowly than other organisms. The results of the time–kill studies show the clone of tea tree oil, known as clone 88, to be more or equally effective compared with the standard oil (May et al, 2000). Conclusion Even though mupirocin shows a slightly higher success rate than tea tree oil in some studies shown, tea tree oil is a viable alternative to antibiotic treatment for MRSA skin infections. This finding is especially important as bacterial resistance continues to increase and infections become harder to treat. However, evidence seems to favour mupirocin as first line treatments for MRSA. There are enough studies to warrant further investigation to whether tea tree oil products have a role in treating MRSA. Tea tree oil should also be seen as a second line treatment for nasal colonisation based on the results of the Dryden et al study.

Seedec free essay sample

The Pros of Steroid testing in High School In todays world, high school sports are a huge deal to many people. It can create large amounts of money, generate revenue for the high school and offer high school athletes the chance to play in the NCAA. Some high school athletes will go as far as taking steroids so they can â€Å"bulk† up, which means to increase muscle mass. They will do whatever it takes because they feel the chance to play sports in college is far more important than their own body. What the athletes do not know is the negative effect of steroids creates, in their body. Steroids can cause deep mood swings and internal damage in the human body. High school athletes also do not understand how they will be looked at if they do get caught. Steroid users are constantly looked down upon by other athletes, because they view the users as people who cheated the sport, and disrespected the players who they play with. We will write a custom essay sample on Seedec or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Steroid users are usually labeled as cheaters even in the pros. There are many pro athletes that have taken steroids and are now looked at as cheaters. Pros such as Roger Clemens, Mark Mcgwire, and Marion Jones. These athletes’ careers are â€Å"forever tarnished by their poor decisions. † (Adler) However, even though steroid testing in high school may seem like the obvious â€Å"right† choice, many people are hesitant because of the amount of money it takes to administer one steroid test on one high school athlete. In a test for 100,000 high school athletes in Texas 99% of all athletes did not use steroids. Is it really worth the money? Drug testing should be allowed because it provides a fair playing ground for all high school athletes. Steroids give athletes the chance to get bigger and faster. This is unfair to other athletes that actually work hard to improve themselves physically by training and weightlifting. There is a â€Å"relentless pressure for high school athletes to win† (Scelfo) The pressure may be so great for high School athletes that they may feel that it is necessary to take steroids. High school athletes are also heavily influenced by what they see and hear about professional athletes. What happens when they see their idols like Alex Rodriguez take steroid? What happens in elite sports influence what happens in schools and commercial gyms† (Butterworth) If drug testing is administered to all high school athletes, it will create fairness throughout all high school sports. Drug testing may scare a player into not taking steroids, because he or she knows that later on they will be tested for the use of steroids. With Drug testing no high school athlete will have an unfair size advantage o ver other players. This can be especially dangerous in physical sports such as football, hockey, and rugby. At the end of the day people face the decision if they should allow steroid testing. Steroid testing in high school encourages sportsmanship. What would players learn if they saw that it was okay to cheat in sports and take steroids? Society has a responsibility to teach growing kids in high school what’s right, and what’s wrong. All players on both teams in whatever sport should learn to respect each other on the playing field as long as off it, and they will learn these lessons by steroid testing’s. Charlie Hyvarinen, a 15 year-old aspiring football player from a suburb of Cleveland, who insists he would never take steroids. Those are fake muscles, and its cheating, and it’s bad for you† (Adler) Athletes like Charlie are what all high school athlete’s values should be like. High school athletes have to know that steroid use, is not okay under any circumstance and people that do take steroids will be punished. A large factor in the debate of steroid testing is that steroids can be dangerous to the human body. Steroids dramatically increase testosterone levels which may be harmful to the human body. An increase in testosterone levels can cause major mood swings. â€Å"Teens are particularly at risk because the pattern of cycling on and off these drugs messes with their hormone levels, leading to mood swings and severe depression. † (Butterworth) Taylor Hooton was a 6-foot-2-inch, pitcher for his high school baseball team. Taylor in high school decided to use steroids resulting in major mood swings. Later on he became â€Å"depressed and hanged himself from his bedroom door on July 15, 2003. † (â€Å"A sad and revealing tale of teen steroid use†) â€Å"Dionne Passacantando. A 17-year-old high school cheerleader, gymnast, and vice president of her Allen (Texas) High School class, made a decision she regrets. † (â€Å"A sad and revealing tale of teen steroid use†) She bought steroids. Dionne explains how easy it was to obtain steroids, â€Å"It was easier for me to get those than it probably was to buy beer† (â€Å"A sad and revealing tale of teen steroid use†) Dionne started to become suicidal after taking steroids for a sufficient amount of time, where the steroids were causing her body to go in heavy mood swings every so often. Steroids are not Natural Supplements to the body, so it has many side effects such as Glaucoma, high blood pressure, and obesity. Society must protect high school athletes, from seriously getting hurt from theses side effects. Steroids can cause physical damage to the human body and can also damage the mental state by creating suicidal thoughts and major mood swings to the human body. Steroid testing in high school is a gigantic issue. People argue that finding that one person who takes steroids is worth hundreds of failed tests and hundreds of wasted dollars. What a high school athlete may not know is that the people who are for steroid testing also care about their safety. They do not want to see an athlete get hurt from the dangerous side effects of steroids. Parents of kids like Taylor Hooton do not want to see the same outcome happen to other kids who decide to take steroids.

Fish Characteristics and Differences From Other Animals

Fish Characteristics and Differences From Other Animals Fish - that word may conjure up a variety of images, from colorful animals swimming peacefully around a reef to brightly-colored fish in an aquarium to something white and flaky on your dinner plate. What is a fish? Here you can learn more about the characteristics of fish, and what sets them apart from other animals. Fish come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes - theres the largest fish, the 60 foot long whale shark, popular seafood fish such as cod and tuna, and completely different-looking animals such as seahorses, sea dragons, and pipefish. In all, about 20,000 species of marine fish have been identified. Anatomy Fish swim by flexing their bodies, forming waves of contractions along their muscles. These waves push water backward and move the fish forward. One of the most notable features of fish are their fins - many fish have a dorsal fin and anal fin (near the tail, on the underside of the fish) that provide stability. They may have one, two or even three dorsal fins. They may also have pectoral and pelvic (ventral) fins to help with propulsion and steering. They also have a caudal fin or tail. Most fish have scales covered with a slimy mucus that helps protect them. They have three main types of scales: Cycloid (roundish, thin and flat), ctenoid (scales that have tiny teeth on their edges),  and ganoid (thick scales that are rhomboid in shape).   Fish have gills for breathing - the fish inhales water through its mouth, which passes over the gills, where hemoglobin in the fishs blood absorbs oxygen. Fish may also have a lateral line system, which detects movement in the water, and a swim bladder, which the fish uses for buoyancy.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata The fishes are divided into two superclasses: Gnathostomata, or vertebrates with jaws, and the Agnatha, or jawless fishes. Jawed fishes: Class Elasmobranchii, the elasmobranchs: Sharks and rays, who have a skeleton made of cartilageClass Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes: fish with skeletons made of bone, and spines in their fins (e.g., cod, bass, clownfish/anemonefish, seahorses)Class Holocephali, the chimerasClass Sarcopterygii, the lobe-finned fish, the coelacanth and lungfishes. Jawless fishes: Class Cephalaspidomorphi, the lampreysClass Myxini, the hagfishes Reproduction With thousands of species, reproduction in fish can be remarkably different. Theres the seahorse - the only species in which the male gives birth. And then there are species like cod, in which females release 3-9 million eggs into the water column. And then there are sharks. Some shark species are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. Others are viviparous and give birth to live young. Within these live-bearing species, some have placenta-like human babies and others do not. Habitat and Distribution Fish are distributed in a wide variety of habitats, both marine, and freshwater, throughout the world. Fish have even been found as deep as 4.8 miles beneath the ocean surface.

Supply chain management - Co op Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Supply chain management - Co op - Essay Example Recently, a food miles calculator has been developed in order to measure the distance traveled by the food products between production and consumption points (Food miles calculator). While discussing the food miles concept on the ground of a co-op supply chain management, it is necessary to understand the basic goal of such organisations. A co-op organisation aims to offer maximum benefits to its customers by emphasising on its pre-designed environmental and ethical notions. Hence, it is essential to examine whether the application of food miles would beneficial for the co-op organisations or not. This paper will critically analyse the pros and corns of incorporating the idea of food miles into the corporate strategy. It will also explore the most appropriate stance the co-op can adopt in order to improve its business operation. Benefits of adopting food miles Through the application of food miles in its corporate strategy, the co-op supermarket can offer improved levels of services to its customer as well as to different segments of the society. Globalisation has eliminated international trade barriers in order to maximise cross-border trade for international expansion. Hence, the world has been facilitated with effective circulation of ideas, languages, and cultural ideologies. Naturally, this trade liberalisation process has also intensified import and export of goods which are the central aspects of food miles. Globalisation has largely increased the scope of agricultural sector. It is obvious that large scale agricultural productions cannot be fully distributed in the domestic market; hence, it is crucial to export the food products to foreign markets where they have higher demands. This process would greatly assist the farmers to get improved prices for their products from outside markets. When farmers get better prices for their food products, more and more people would be attracted towards agriculture field and it would in turn mitigate the issues assoc iated with global food crisis. Similarly, higher rate of agricultural production would aid the economies to minimize unemployment rate which is a central factor in determining their economic growth rate. The increased export trade would also generate revenue for the governments. As discussed earlier, the main objective of a co-operative supermarket is to provide improved services to its customers. Since it is impossible to produce every type of vegetable, fruit, or other food product in a region, every co-op supermarket is forced to depend on import trade in order to offer every type of food product to its customers. In the words of Lovejoy (2001), the supply chain principles suggest to extend the firm’s services beyond the immediate supplier and customer. The concept of food miles assists the co-op supermarket to deliver varieties of fruits and vegetables to its consumers by getting access to a large group of potential suppliers. If the co-op supermarket stops the practice o f food miles, then consumers may search for other stores that would meet their requirements. Demerits of adopting food miles The environmental concern of food miles reflects the idea that when a food product travels larger distance from the production point to consumption, it involves greater consumption of energy and thereby increased emission of greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide absorb and emit infrared radiations which cause dreadful environmental issues such as green

Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enterprise - Essay Example An entrepreneur person is a person who is ready to take risks but the level of risks is not at extremes; the risks are neither to easy nor to risky, the person just knows what is right for him and for the company and he knows how to make profit for the company. The person is very sharp minded and can take initiatives for different projects and deals. He is strong, energetic and positive minded, he always looks towards the bright side of any idea and always tries to find benefits in any proposal and the ways in which a business proposal benefit the company (Audretsch, 2007). Companies are always looking for employees who have entrepreneur qualities. The greatest quality of an entrepreneurial person is that he has the ability to take instant decisions; these decisions are quick but not hasty. It is very necessary that the company and industries have people who can take quick and sensible decisions about business plans and ideas. Professionalism is something that is very necessary to ha ve if you want to be a good entrepreneur and it is the distinctive quality of the entrepreneur person to have professionalism in his own performance and manners. For the previous company in which I was working my entrepreneurial qualities benefited the company in many different ways. The deals and proposals that I accepted for the company proved beneficial for the company. The company’s market value and shares increased a lot in a small time period only and it became one of the largest companies in a very short period of time. At first when I wanted to accept a proposal that seemed risky and not fruitful the company would refuse to accept it but soon they realized that my quality and ability of making appropriate decisions were extra-ordinary and so they let me make decisions and they all proved beneficial for the company (Mcgrath & Macmillan, 2000). The companies always remain all eyes and all ears for an entrepreneurial person. They fear to lose a chance of not hiring an en trepreneur person. Companies always want that their shares and market value increase and this is only possible by hiring an entrepreneur person who can make instant decisions and accept profitable business deals and offers. He is the only person who knows how to deal with people belonging to various professions and tactfully handle them and manipulate them in their own talk. QUESTION 2 The greatest obstacle that almost everyone has to face to become something extraordinary is his own self. Like any other great personality I also had to face a lot of difficulties in my way to success, the road to success was not at all easy and I had to face many obstacles and like everyone else the biggest difficulty was my own self. A person should be well aware of what his strengths and weaknesses are so that he can judge himself accordingly and then take any further step. A person should know his weaknesses so that he can convert his weaknesses into his strength and utilize them for his benefit ( Rice, 1917). My weakness that created troubles for me was my over spoken nature. It usually happened that I used to tell some details which I were not supposed to tell as a result I had to face losses but soon I realized my mistake and gradually overcame this habit of mine (Guffey & Loewy, 2010). Another weakness of mine which became a source of trouble for me was that I was not punctual. I usually used to arrive late for meetings or any business deals and it would leave a very bad impression on the other party and they would not prefer to make any business deal with me because they were not sure that whether I would be able to meet the task and complete it on time (Dudycha, 1936). But soon I overcame my weakness and now I am even more punctual than the clock. A weakness that cost me a

Shape Memory Alloys Manufacturing Processes

Shape Memory Alloys Manufacturing Processes Smart materials have been one of the fastest growing materials needed for medical device manufacturing. Smart materials, according to the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific Technical Terms, are defined as Materials that can significantly change their mechanical properties (such as shape, stiffness, and viscosity), or their thermal, optical, or electromagnetic properties, in a predictable or controllable manner in response to their environment. It is this property of changing according to its material that makes smart materials very valuable in manufacturing today. Perhaps one of the most useful smart materials comes in the form of memory shape alloys, specifically nitinol. Memory shape alloys have many applications in medical devices used today. They are highly prized for their exceptional superelasticity, their shape memory, their good resistance to fatigue and wear, and their relatively good biocompatibility. This makes them the perfect candidate for many in-vivo medical devices . Origin The shape-memory effect was first observed in copper-zinc and copper-tin alloys by Greninger and Mooradian in 1938, but it was only in the early 1960s that Buehler and his colleagues discovered and patented nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy created in the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL). This lab was formerly located in White Oak, Maryland and was the site of considerable work that has had useful impact upon world technology. The White Oak site of NOL has now been taken over by the Food and Drug Administration but has still left its legacy in the name nitinol (nickel + titanium + NOL- the initials of the Naval Ordinance Laboratory) (Gautam, et al. 2008). Their smart metal alloy, however, is 55% nickel by weight and may thus have allergic, toxic, or carcinogenic effects. For short-term use, in-vitro and clinical data strongly support nitinol as a safe biomaterial which is at least as good as stainless steel or titanium alloys also available to designers. Medical Applications of Shape Memory Alloys Muscles are the power of the body, used to turn energy into movement and motion. Shape memory alloys can be used to in their solid-state phase to make devices from muscle wires. Applications of shape memory alloys in the medical field are numerous. Their flexibility at one temperature and one way shape memory effect when heated to their transformation temperature make these alloys key materials for various medical methods. The inability of shape memory materials to combine to other metals requires some adaptation to be developed. A common material for this is nickel-titanium. Nickel-titanium has an excellent torque transfer characteristic which is just one of the many reasons this material is used for fabricating medical equipment (Yoshida, et al. 2010). A few notable applications are catheters, medical guide wires, bone plates and stents. Bone plates comprised of shape memory alloys, assist in repairing broken bones by making use of the bodys natural temperature to contract and maintain pressure for proper healing. (Georgia Inst. Of Tech, 2007) Catheters Catheters are used in a number of procedures such as therapeutics, diagnostics, and ablative procedures. Used in the medical field for administration of fluids, drainage, and provide a method to insert surgical instruments, catheters are tubes that can be placed in a body cavity, vessel, or duct. In the case of blood vessels, the catheter must move around the bends and angles to reach the desired destination. Stiff materials would not be flexible enough for this procedure and may cause a rupture in the vessel. Due to heat restrictions and risk of damage, only specific shape memory alloys can be used for many of these delicate processes. A solution for this problem is provided by the R-phase transformation, which is a specific type of martensite transformation that occurs in certain nickel-rich Ni-Ti alloys (Langelaar, et al. 2010). Travelling through the vessels is a difficult task, so a steering mechanism is implemented into a catheter to maneuver throughout the body. Currently catheters are equipped with integrated micro-actuators that allow controlled bending, which yields enhanced maneuverability compared to conventional catheters. Actuators consist of guide wires that bend when energy runs through them such as an electric current that heat the shape memory material. The simplistic designs of the actuator allows for high strains and stresses needed for a process. There are few actuating mechanisms which produce more useful work per unit volume than nitinol (Williams, et al. 1999). Guiding wires also known as pull wires or shaping wires, are located along the tube to allow for motion in many directions. Above: This demonstrates that shape memory alloys are more effective in actuators than many of the current materials on the market. Guide wires provide flexibility, shape memory, and pseudoelasticity. When a greater stiffness is required, the thickness of the wire may be increased to meet performance standards. Shape memory alloys allow for the catheter to return to its original geometry when the tension in the wire is removed. One adaptation formed due to the lack of metallurgical joining is a stainless steel sleeve, known as a crimp sleeve, to hold the wires to the catheter (Stoeckel, 2010). The sleeve brings up the problem of increasing the diameter of the catheter. To prevent breakage in a material, more flexibility and ductility is ideal. In medical applications, nitinol has higher ductility allowing more plastic deformation without fracturing due to the temperature of the human body. At body temperature (310K), nitinol will have a high percentage of strain at low stress meaning more ductility. Stents One of the largest medical uses for shape memory alloys is in stents. A stent is a tube that is inserted into an artery to hold it open. Stents are needed when the walls of the artery are not strong enough to remain open and need support to ensure that blood is able to flow. The stent is put in place during a procedure called an angioplasty (Stent Facts, 2010). In order to get the stent into the artery, it needs to be collapsed and inserted into a catheter. Shape memory alloys allow doctors to collapse the stent to a much smaller diameter, and have it return to its original shape after leaving the catheter inside the artery. The original use of shape memory alloys in stents was in the form of a simple coil. The coil was tightly wound in the catheter and then expanded once it was inserted into the artery and warmed. The expanded size of the coil is chosen to be slightly larger than the inner diameter of the target vessel, which means the coil will not be able to fully expand inside th e artery. The shape memory alloy, in its warmed state, will continue to attempt to expand, which will put a continuous outward pressure on the walls of the artery. This will ensure that the artery remains open. In more recent times, simple coil stents are used more for non-vascular applications such as preventing bladder obstruction. The simple coil stents that are still in use today are used in vascular cases where easy retrieval is required. The shape memory alloy allows the stent to hold its form in the body, but still be easy to deform back to a straight wire for removal (Sutou, et al. 2006). More modern shape memory alloy stents are made in forms other than a coil. The shape memory alloy can be formed into a braided or knitted coil. The downside of this is that the points where the wires cross form thicker walls, which are undesirable in a stent. Although the braided and knitted shape memory alloy stents were a step up in functionality from the simple coils, the thicker walls made them undesirable for many cases. The next level of shape memory alloy stents occurred once scientists determined how to make the alloys in flat sheets rather than just wire. Laser cutting a pattern into a flat sheet of the alloy, then rolling and welding it at various points creates a stent with no overlapping wires at the walls. Sheet style stents are thin, but also structurally supportive when heated to body temperature. This gives them more flexibility than the simple coil models and is a better use of the shape memory alloys characteristics (Sutou, et al. 2006). An older style coil stent in both its compressed and expanded forms Examples of sheet style stents: Top- Jostent SelfX (made by Jomed), Bottom- Dynalink (made by Guidant) Examples of braided style stents: Left- ZA Stent (made by Cook), Right- Symphony Stent (made by Boston Scientific) General Hazards General hazards of inhaling Nitinol include irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath. If ingested gastrointestinal disorders are possible. Skin contact and eye contact include irritation with possible redness and pain. None of these side effects are chronic. (SMDS 2008) Complications of Nickel-Titanium in Medical Applications Of the wide range of alloys that contain the properties of shape memory alloys, nickel-titanium and copper-based alloys hold the most value commercially. Nickel-titanium, also known as nitinol, is an equi-atomic mixture of the two metals. Concerns have risen over this alloy for the fear of nickel being released into the body (Williams, et al. 1999). It is important in medical equipment for the materials to be biocompatible, or the ability of the material to perform with a necessary response. In most medical procedures no response is typically desired. To determine if nitinol meets these criteria, the properties of titanium, nickel, and the combination of the two can be looked at. Titanium is a metal with a high resistance to corrosion. It is not particularly reactive and therefore is effective for medical uses where the device needs to be in the human body for an extended period of time (Lagoudas, 2010). It contains no characteristics of toxicity. Titanium is also a very strong material, however it is rarer and more difficult to manufacture than other materials. This makes titanium expensive compared to other alternatives. Nickel is a metal which is extremely reactive. Nickel is toxic to the human body and may cause massive inflammation and interaction with proteins. These properties raise questions on whether nitinol alloy is safe for medical uses. The benefits of using nickel in medical devices is that nickel increases flexibility and lowers the expense when alloyed with more expensive materials such as titanium (Langelaar, et. al. 2010 ). The properties when nickel and titanium are alloyed together usually take on those of titanium. During the manufacturing process an outer layer of titanium oxide forms. Although some nickel will still exist on the exterior, the toxicity is greatly reduced. When choosing a material for medical instruments, a risk/benefit analysis controls which alloy will be used. Nitinol is chosen because it holds great benefits and is very safe to use. Extensive testing of this material has been done and is still occurring to limit complications (Yoshida, et al. 2010). Safety During Medical Application When considering the use of shape memory alloys (such as nitinol), in medical applications, it becomes necessary to evaluate the safety of the materials for use in the human body. Biocompatibility and corrosion are two factors that come into play when considering placement into humans. Properly treated nitinol implants are corrosion resistant and compatible in humans. These implants form a surface oxide layer that protects the base material from most corrosion. There are some concerns of the nickel content dissolving from the Nitinol and causing adverse affects. However, other alloys containing high levels of nickel, such as MP35N or 300 series stainless steel, have been used in orthodontics, orthopedics, and cardiovascular applications, all the while displaying good biocompatibility. (Stoeckel, et al. 2003) Studies have shown that in vitro dissolution of nitinol dental archwires in saliva released an average of 13.05 mg/day nickel. This number is significantly lower than the average dietary intake of 200-300 mg/day. There was no increase in the nickel blood level throughout the study. A comparative in vitro cell culture study was performed to measure nickel release from nitinol and 316L stainless steel in fibroblast and osteoblast cell culture media. The nickel content was higher in the nitinol group for the first day, but rapidly decreased over time to achieve similar levels as the stainless steel. The nickel content never reached toxic levels in the nitinol and did not interfere with the cell growth. It was found that samples prepared by mechanical polishing released higher amounts of Ni-ions than those prepared by electropolishing. In order to evaluate the effect of polishing on nickel release, mechanically polished and electropolished samples of nitinol, MP35N, and 316L stainless st eel were immersed in solution for a period of over 1000 hours. Samples prepared by electropolishing released smaller amounts of Ni-ions than those with mechanical polishing. The electropolishing process removes excess nickel from the surface and forms an enriched layer of titanium. (Stoechel, et al. 2003) A study on blood compatibility was conducted on nitinol and stainless steel stents using an ex vivo, AV-shunt porcine model. It was concluded that nitinol is significantly less thrombogenic than stainless steel, meaning that when used in the human body it has a much lower chance of causing blood clots. It is thought that the titanium-oxide rich surface layer on the nitinol prevents denaturation of fibrinogen and minimizes platelet-rich thrombus formation within the stent after implantation. (Thierry, et al. 2000) Comparison of Shape Memory Alloy Nickel-Titanium to Stainless Steel The ability of shape memory alloys to return to their original position after large strains are induced is similar to that of rubber. However, unlike rubber, shape memory alloys are strong and noncorrosive much like stainless steel. Both nickel-titanium and stainless steel have long fatigue life. Many stainless steels contain nickel to maintain an austenitic structure. Higher nickel content guarantees superior resistance to corrosive cracking. Stainless steel has a relatively lower cost compared to nitinol mainly due to larger production numbers. Only about two hundred tons were produced in 1998 compared to a few hundred thousand tons of stainless steel (Lagoudas, 2010). Alloying a metal raises the production expenditure but changes the tensile and shear strength of the initial metals. The properties of shape memory alloys are better than those of stainless steel and therefore are the chosen material for certain applications. Above: Shape memory alloys have two phases, each with a different crystal structure and  properties. One is the high temperature phase, called austenite, and the other is the low temperature phase, martensite. Each martensitic crystal formed can have a different orientation direction, called a variant. The assembly of martensitic variants can exist in two forms. Twinned martensite, which is formed by a combination of self-accommodated martensitic variants and detwinned or reoriented martensite in which a specific variant is dominant (Lagoudas, 2010). Costs of Shape Memory Alloys such as Nickel-Titanium Alloys such as nitinol have poor formability in the manufacturing process which increases the production costs of such materials. The complex behavior of the material makes the development of shape memory alloys adaptive structures a challenging task. In this case, it is generally accepted that systematic, model-based design approaches and design optimization techniques can be of great assistance (Langelaar et al. 2010). However, as more applications for these materials are needed, the price will decrease. Currently, shape memory alloys are commercially available from a limited number of producers. When more production of these alloys begins, production costs will reduce. World production is small in contrast to other metal commodities. Competition drives prices lower in a market. Newer technology in manufacturing will also make the production more effective. Prices for shape memory alloys were over one dollar per gram of material in the 1990s. Today, the costs are roughly ninety percent lower. Whatever the cost may be, shape memory alloys such as nickel-titanium are one of the only materials capable of such miniscule instrumentation with the desired properties. Shape memory alloys are effective for their cost due to reliability and multiple functions (Stoeckel, 2010). Many applications of shape memory alloys only require a small amount of material. With prices around that of similar steels, shape memory alloys are gaining more attention in a variety of applications. Above: The best material lies towards the upper left corner as it corresponds to low material cost  for the same output work (Lagoudas, 2010). It indicates that CuZnAl is the best, while Ni-Ti is the least. However, it may be more advantageous to use Ni-Ti because of reduced voltage requirements due to much higher resistivity, which results in cheaper equipment in cyclic applications. Copper based alloys are less stable and more brittle than Ni-Ti. Although less expensive, copper based alloys have found little approval for applications. Future Trends Current studies at the University of OULU have been conducted in order to demonstrate that bone modeling can be controlled by using a functional implant such as a NiTi nail which can be used to bend a normal shaft of the long bone. The method could also be applied inversely, such as straightening a deformed bone. Fractures and especially frequent fractures lead to angular deformity and bowing of long bones. Operative treatment has usually consisted of cortical osteotomies with cast, internal fixation, or external fixation (Kujala, 2003). However, these are relatively large operations with much postoperative pain and a risk for complications. Implantation of a bending rod would be a much smaller operation for the patient with reduced postoperative recovery. It might even be possible to insert the nails using minimally invasive techniques which would require a minute incision. Thus, the functional nail presented might provide an easier, quicker, cheaper, and less painful way to correct such bone deformities in the future. In addition, Prototype piping in nuclear reactors has been wound with pre-stretched Ni-Ti wire, which leaves very high compressive stresses in the pipe. Tennis racket strings have been tested in China and the USA with both countries claiming performance superior to existing string materials (Deurig, 1995). Furthermore, a variety of damping applications are being examined including such motivated projects as railroad wheel tires and damping mechanisms for suspension bridges. Moreover, the maximum Ms temperature achieved in Ni-Ti binary alloys is 100 degrees Celsius and for several years scientists have searched extensively for ways to increase this. Ms temperature or Martensite start temperature is the temperature at which the transformation from austenite to martensite begins on cooling. Until just two years ago the only alloys showing hope were extremely expensive alloys such as Ti- Pd-Ni and Ti-Pt-Ni. Recently, however two new alloys are showing a great deal of promise, Ni-Ti-Hf and Ni-Ti-Zr31. These alloys prove that transformation temperatures of over 300 degrees C are possible (Deurig, 1995). However, it is too early to know what the cost of the alloys will be and if other properties will be as good as the original alloys. Luckily, these first indications seem positive. One advantage if such an Ms temperature is possible would include the use of nitinol in circuit breakers and in automotive applications. Conclusion Shape memory alloys are quickly becoming a common material used in medical applications today. The adverse uses of alloys, such as nitinol, allow for improved stents, catheters, bone plates, medical procedures, and more. These advanced materials are helping to shape medical technology for the future. Through their durability and unusual prowess for changing shape they have become the future of medical material.

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The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923 Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswana's first president: Seretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa. Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfather. Seretse's mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been chosen by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-year old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him. The lonely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort Hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London. In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer. Ready :: essays research papers The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923 Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswana's first president: Seretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa. Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfather. Seretse's mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been chosen by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-year old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him. The lonely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort Hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London. In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer.

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In 1999 Asda became a subsidiary of the largest retailer in the world, Walmart. Asda operates within the UK grocery market and currently rank second. Asda's main area of business falls into the food sector and boast 500+ stores nationwide. Asda is a variety retailer stretched over numerous sectors, which include, entertainment clothing and footwear. It is considered a multi-channel retailer, with a blend of store locations and growing online presence. Asda's stores are traditionally, large purpose built units located on the outskirts of a town, much like Walmart stores in the USA.Similarities continue throughout the UK operation, with the Walmart culture permeating through stores amongst all 143000 ‘Colleagues'. Furthermore, matching Walmart's low-price operational strategy. My role within this retailer is a part time night replenishment colleague. Economic. The UK unemployment figures are an important aspect of the economy for Asda to watch as fluctuations can hugely effect su pply and demand, impacting future sales. Higher unemployment, means Asda will see a greater demand on lower priced goods.Asda promotes its self as being a ‘low priced' retailer, so, it may also be fair to expect an influx of new customers increasing demand further. Reacting quickly to a change in the economic climate can increase the chance of gaining market share. Utilising their immense buying power, Asda can demand lower cost prices from suppliers, facilitating demand from an expected shift in consumer buying. Considering international manufacturers, where the GBP proves particularly strong may also be one way of achieving higher profit margins.Social and Cultural Management considering a particular location for a new Asda store must measure the concentration of the local market and consider Social and Cultural forces. They can help determine if an area is understored and demand is present. Statistics of particular interest are likely to be, age ranges, population density, income ranges, level of car ownership and local transport links. Use of gravitational models will help determine the ‘pull’ of a store location. Huff’s (1963), is one such model and aims to predict this.The model calculates the probability a shopper is likely to visit our new store against local intertype retailers in its strategic group. Retailers within Asda’s group are likely to be Tesco or Sainsbury’s. In addition, analysing the demographic and cultural make up of the area should provide good indication of products and services best suited for our new store. For example, if our considered area had recently had a high level of Eastern Europeans settle then incorporating a generous ‘world foods’ section within our assortment would make sense.However, if the area had an very low level of ethnic diversity there would be little demand and focus elsewhere would prove more profitable. Technology. The introduction of Smart-phones in recent years has given customers power to access price comparison sites while in-store. Potentially this trend poses a huge threats for Asda â€Å"with these devices, customers have all of the power of the Internet at their fingertips to enable them to shop smarter† (Mobile Commerce Daily,2011) Potentially this trend poses a huge threats for Asda.An increase in store waste, particularly of perishable goods as well as loss of sales to rival retailers. Additional pressures to control costs, namely wages, to ensure the store remains profitable despite loss in sales. Political and Legal. Asda sell a range of tobacco products as part of their supermarket assortment. These products are usually sold from individually manned Kiosks, separate from the main store. In an effort to address the problem of young people taking up smoking, government are forcing retailers to cover tobacco products out of view with metal roller shutters.Other measures include a raise of the legal purchase age of suc h products and further tax increase on tobacco. Operationally, managers will need to establish good procedures which will keep inconvenience to a minimum. Other than the initial cost of installing the shutters, additional expenses relating to employee training costs should be considered. Furthermore, political and legal forces could negatively impact customer flow, which may lead to a dip in impulse buys (confectionery) and commission earners (lottery) sales.Both are often located at the kiosk and are add-on purchases to tobacco. Ecological. Environmentalists are keen to highlight links between waste management in businesses, global climate change and weather. Business' who manufacture, distribute and/or use products have been attributing to global warming, all processes expel greenhouse gasses which have major repercussions on the planet. According to waste legislation business' must establish ‘a system that ensures waste producers or those handling waste follow the waste hie rarchy (i. e. revention, reuse, recycling, recovery, disposal)' ( Surrey County Council, 2012) This forces business' to consider waste management throughout their infrastructure. Managers would have needed to assess the supply chain and identify areas where improvements can be made. There are likely to be initial expenses for man hours, new equipment and facilities. Very recently Asda has seen the effects of global climate change directly impact their business. Extreme weather has lead to mass flooding in areas in the UK. In these areas trade would certainly diminish while neighbourhoods recover from the disaster.Stores may also have experienced damage to buildings and stock. A further example of this force affecting Asda. In order to identify Asda's competitors, firstly I need to establish the number of other retailers and their size also operating in the same sector, food grocery. According to market share statistics, in the 12 weeks to 7 Aug 2011, based on similar sized operation , Asia’s direct competitors were Tesco, Sainsburys and Morrisons. This is highly saturated sector due to the number of large retailers operating within it. 12 wks to 7 Aug 2011 Tesco 30. 5 % Asda 17. % Sainsbury’s 16. 1 % Morrison’s 11. 7 % (guardian. co. uk[-;0], 2011) Further competition may come from retailers entering the sector. A high number of entrants may indicate the market is highly competitive, however, high levels of retailers will also leave if the competition is just too high. Kwik Save is a good example of this, ‘It struggled to make profits in the 21st century as superstore operators such as Tesco[->1] and Sainsbury's[-;2] introduced their own budget brands (wikipedia. org,2012). Kwik Save promoted themselves as a low-priced grocery retailer.Kwik Save are expected to make a return to the market this year and may become another threat to Asda as they previously operated by similar strategies. Establishing which of the competitors offer produ cts most similar to Asda's assortment will be another indicator, as the level of competition will intensify where a competitors assortment proves to be a suitable substitute to Asda's own. All four of the major grocery rivals do offer similar products and services. Asda and Tesco offer financial services and online catalogue shopping via ‘Tesco Direct' and ‘Asda Direct'.Both compete highly on price and have been known to enter into price wars in order to gain market share. They have similar target markets and operational strategies. Although, Tesco has chosen to delve into the UK convenience sector and also dipped their toe into international markets both have proven a great success. In a similar fashion Asda has expanded further into multi-channel retailing opening ‘Asda Living' stores which offer wider ranges of clothing, home ware and childcare goods. These manurers have helped differentiate the businesses.Sainsbury's and Morrison's in turn offer similar product s and also have an online presence, Sainsbury's also offer financial services. Both have partnered with retailers operating in other sectors, Sainsbury's with Homebase a DIY chain and Morrison's with Kiddiecare. com. Although Sainsbury's has introduced a recent price promise to be cheaper on ‘branded' products than their competitors, they differentiate their offering through focusing on quality. Asda has counter-attacked this by introducing lines that have been modified and re-branded as superior in taste and quality, while still low on price.How Asda might need to manage colleagues with the introduction of Climate Change Legislation. Senior Asda managers will need to establish how the legislation affects them, what changes need to be made within the business and how costly it will be. Discussions about the changes with all departments involved. HR will need to address recruitment matters, ensuring suitably skilled people are in place. This may involve recruiting from within t he business and providing the most suitable colleague with specific training.Or looking outside Asda for those who already posses adequate experience in the area of Waste Management. This may be a preferred option if the business has time constraints, although may result in higher extrinsic costs. Once a plan has been put in place, new procedures established, then information needs to be cascaded down through the hierarchy. Delivering this information via training courses which may also save on company time and money. Other benefits of this style is a number of colleagues can receive the same information at the same time, rather than individually.It is important that everyone receives the same information and it is communicated clearly for understanding. Managers can then go on to monitor colleagues periodically through appraisals. Appraisals can help assess colleagues, making sure the new procedure is being incorporated correctly into their day-to-day duties. Monitoring colleagues performance can highlight problems and identify further training requirements. Referencing Guardian. co. uk(2011)'Supermarkets:Changing Market Share'[Online],http://www. guardian. co. uk/[-;3] (Accessed 21 June 2012)Mobile Commerce Daily (2011) ‘Are mobile price comparison apps a threat to retailers? ‘ [Online],http://www. mobilecommercedaily. com/ (Accessed 21 June 2012) Surrey County Council (2012) ‘Important-details of future English environmental legislation and consultations' [Online], http://www. surreycc. gov. uk/ (Accessed 21 June 2012) Wikipedia (2012)'Kwik Save' [Online], http://en. wikipedia. org/ (Accessed 21 June 2012) [-;0] – http://www. guardian. co. uk/ [-;1] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tesco [-;2] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s [-;3] – http://www. guardian. co. uk/(Accessed